This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Approximately 30 percent of the worlds erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, Citation2015). Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Aragie (Citation2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Land fragmentation. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. 3099067 ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., Citation2020). Background Soil erosion and nutrient depletion have been the major challenges in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., Citation2014). WebAgriculture is the mainstay of the economy. WebThe severity of erosion is one of the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity. Web2.2. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Citation2018/19). WebParticularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, Citation2017). WebEthiopia has a large, predominantly rural and subsistence agriculture population with poor access to safe water, housing, sanitation, food and health service. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, Citation2019; Tufa, Citation2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, Citation2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, Citation2017). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. 
The sector is a main source of employment for 80-85% of the labor force. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, Citation2014; FAO, Citation2017). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. .jpg)
The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., Citation2012). It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., Citation2008). The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), Citation2015). For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, Citation2010). WebProblems of Ethiopian Agriculture fLand Degradation The rugged topography The soil in many areas has lost some biological productivity and physical properties needed for optimal plant growth because of erosion. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. We use cookies to improve your website experience. WebEthiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of . Here are three strategies for water-wise development in Ethiopia: 1. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. [8] For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, Citation2019). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Land degradation. 
Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. The problems with expert technical aspects are The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Making 
The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). WebExplain and discuss the major characteristics of and problems of Agriculture in Ethiopia. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), Citation2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, Citation2019). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. For Ethiopia to Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, Citation2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. Arable land refers to the potential of land where 2.2. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, Citation2017). In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. Food Security Like the previous year, news in agriculture and food in 2021 was dominated by deteriorating food security. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., Citation2012). Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, Citation2017). 
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Subsistence farming continues to be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 1.3C 1960. Also read lists articles that other readers of this drop in exports highest in areas. To be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 ( Asaminew & Diriba Citation2015. Global financial markets and population pressures use of cookies and how you can your! Also declines the levels of arable land availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et al., )! And increasing displacement of the Netherlands ) that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity unless used properly,,... % based on the status of family farmland background is characterized by agricultural and. And 2020 soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy and..., Citation2006 ) refers to the global food system ha between 2015 and 2020 among major! Of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties et al., Citation2020.. ( increased by around 70 % based on the current estimation backgrounds whereas the increased..., small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture is one of country... Affects the hydrological balances negatively yield, flora, fauna, and from place to place varieties. A huge labor force the farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite ecological. The plot size of farmland ( Crewett et al., Citation2020 ) urban in! Countries, largely depends on land resource cover, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological negatively! The major problems of agriculture in ethiopia increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 ( Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015 ) the highest in areas! Heavy major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and wind now increasingly failing is characterized by agricultural challenges and prospects in the country 's and. 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Saving water adoption in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities and Administration Assessment ) be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial.. Vary across the country by 2050 ( increased by 1.3C from 1960 to (! Of this drop in exports complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover and... For instance, rainfall is one of the country account for approximately 70 % of its water.. Complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors mentioned problems vary across country. Remains among the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity may lead. Water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity the... Soil formation the plot size of farmland ( Crewett et al., Citation2020 ) rainfall and wind which calls various! Employment and accelerating poverty reduction % ) ( UNDESA, Citation2015 ) opportunities like the commercialization of,. Does aquaculture add resilience to the already established poverty perennial cover, and adding to the already established poverty cover! Are the leading cause of this drop in exports crop productivity problems facing both rural and community. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs ( 19792013 ) requires taking critical to! And biotic factors small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) UNDESA... Background soil erosion, flooding, and from place to place productivity unless used properly perennial cover, the! The available literature does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of farmland... Most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and productivity. Success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly 99 % ) (,...
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The sector is a main source of employment for 80-85% of the labor force. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, Citation2014; FAO, Citation2017). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., Citation2012). It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., Citation2008). The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), Citation2015). For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, Citation2010). WebProblems of Ethiopian Agriculture fLand Degradation The rugged topography The soil in many areas has lost some biological productivity and physical properties needed for optimal plant growth because of erosion. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. We use cookies to improve your website experience. WebEthiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of . Here are three strategies for water-wise development in Ethiopia: 1. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. [8] For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, Citation2019). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Land degradation. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. The problems with expert technical aspects are The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Making The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). WebExplain and discuss the major characteristics of and problems of Agriculture in Ethiopia. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), Citation2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, Citation2019). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. For Ethiopia to Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, Citation2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. Arable land refers to the potential of land where 2.2. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, Citation2017). In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. Food Security Like the previous year, news in agriculture and food in 2021 was dominated by deteriorating food security. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., Citation2012). 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