Webbasically two strategies for managing knowledge (see Table 2 ). A variety of experts consults on each patients case, and managing the experts collaboration is, in essence, managing the centers knowledge. the team tapped into a worldwide network of colleagues' Many consultants can be assigned to a project; big projects will have a high ratio of consultants to partners. Ralph Poole, director of Ernst & Youngs Center for Business Knowledge, describes it like this: After removing client-sensitive information, we develop knowledge objects by pulling key pieces of knowledge such as interview guides, work schedules, benchmark data, and market segmentation analyses out of documents and storing them in the electronic repository for people to use. This approach allows many people to search for and retrieve codified knowledge without having to contact the person who originally developed it. KM strategies are broadly classified as; codification ( described as extracting explicit knowledge from the person who developed it, storing it in databases, and promoting its subsequent for reusing) and personalization ( strategy is on tacit knowledge and its transfer and sharing among employees. The results give rise to a nested contingency model of knowledge management. Management consulting firms have run into serious trouble when they failed to stick with one approach. topic. WebKnowledge Management Strategy, Codification, Personalization, Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis. and Ernst & Young, have pursued a codification strategy. And each of Ernst & Youngs more than 40 practice areas has a staff member who helps codify and store documents. Your people rely on tacit (not easily codified) knowledge such as scientific expertise and industry insights to do their work. An intranet is a private computer network that uses internet protocols and network connectivity to share part of an organizations operations with its employees. Yet both assess patients symptoms and make recommendations for their care, and both are highly successful. They did not knowledge, we found that they all used both the codification and Asian managers was assigned full time to the case team. One employee, Randall Love, was preparing an important bid for a large industrial manufacturer who needed help installing an enterprise resource planning system. Customers may end up paying for a customized solution when a standard solution would have worked perfectly well. Representation of knowledge so that it can be "reused" either by an individual or an organization. In other companies, knowledge is closely tied to the person who developed it and is shared mainly through direct person-to-person contacts. Another consulting firm, Bain, learned a hard lesson about relying on documents. A knowledge base is one kind of repository designed to store answers or solutions to problems, and to facilitate rapid search, retrieval and reuse. When we initially looked at how consulting companies manage knowledge, we found that they all used both the codification and the personalization approaches. At first, the process of reengineering required unique solutions, but it wasnt long before a step-by-step approach was needed. The client wanted Bain to help it expand 1. They were also among the first to aggressively explore the use of information technology to capture and disseminate knowledge. They create dialogues between individuals, not objects in a database. Emphasizing the wrong approachor trying to pursue both at the same timecan quickly undermine your business. A knowledge management strategy based on reuse fits companies that are creating standardized products. This makes it possible to achieve scale in knowledge reuse and the ability to grow the business. with nine partners and several managers who had developed growth group of them in Europe, had videoconferences with others from WebKnowledge Management Strategy, Codification, Personalization, Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis. For help with the sales process, he found and used several presentations on the industrydocuments containing previously developed solutionsas well as value propositions that helped him estimate how much money the client would save by implementing the system. codification They had joined the firm because they wanted to work on cutting-edge strategy problems. Consulting Group, and McKinsey emphasize a personalization It also hires innovatorstop-tier MBA graduates who apply their analytic and creative skills to unique business problems. the personalization approaches. Good Knowledge Management requires the perfect combination of people and technology and always remember that people usually require technology to communicate with one another. By better understanding the two strategies and their strengths and weaknesses, chief executives will be able to make more surefooted decisions about knowledge management and their investments in it. Unfocused knowledge management strategies attempt to regulate knowledge flows by controlling the overall level of codification of knowledge without special consideration of the capabilities of specific forms of codification. Their experience, which is relevant to any company that depends on smart people and the flow of ideas, provides a window onto what works and what doesnt. Executives who try to excel at both strategies risk failing at both. These firms have also developed electronic document systems, The reuse of knowledge saves work, lowers communication costs, and enables a company to take on more projects. technical specifications, training materials, and change Result? WebKnowledge Management Strategy: An Organizational Change Prospective: The study discovered that, the two management strategies (codification and personalization) have a positive impact on change implementation in institutions. Eventually she connected Marcia Blenko, for example, a partner in Bains London office, had to consider a difficult strategy problem for a large British financial institution. By managing diversity effectively, organizations can create a more inclusive and productive workplace, improve employee satisfaction and retention, and enhance their Executives must be able to articulate why customers buy a companys products or services rather than those of its competitors. Since Love reused this material, Ernst & Young won the project and closed the sale in two months instead of the more typical four to six. : +1-206-543-9738; fax: +1-206-685-9392. Frankly I expect moreand they sure as hell have not reduced their rates.. The processes for developing and selling such products involve well-understood tasks and knowledge that can be codified. A companys knowledge management strategy should reflect its competitive strategy: how it creates value for customers, how that value supports an economic model, and how the companys people deliver on the value and the economics. They call this the personalization strategy. The aim of diversity management is to maximize the potential of each employee, so they can contribute to the success of the organization. In the process of developing a unique growth strategy, Knowledge is assist project teams. had been with Bain for 12 years, knew several partners with How Consulting Firms Manage Their Knowledge. Personalization happens when you give people access to codified information by encouraging active discussions and knowledge sharing. People in companies seeking innovation need to share information that would get lost in document form. Its like building with Lego blocks: consultants reuse existing bricks while applying their skills to construct something new. office of Ernst & Young. Tacitness strategies keep organizational knowledge tacit in order to prevent flows of knowledge to competitors. The assignment required geographic and product-line expertise, a broad understanding of the industry, and a large dose of creative thinking. Thus they will have to pay to bring some people within the company together at meetings. And real incentivesnot small enticementsare required to get people to take those steps. It also started to recruit M.B.A.s from leading business schools. Codification strategies involve the transformation of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge in order to facilitate flows of organizational knowledge. A few of these colleagues became ongoing advisers to the project, and one of the Asian managers was assigned full time to the case team. There are two main knowledge management strategies: collecting and recording information (codification) and connecting people (personalization). The strategy consulting firms we studied all came to grief with document-driven systems. Access more than 40 courses trusted by Fortune 500 companies. Thats because their people may feel encouraged to develop a novel solution to a problem even when a perfectly good solution already exists in the electronic repository. Thats not to say that the process operates on automatic pilot. WebThe codification strategy opens up the possibility of achieving scale in knowledge reuse and thus of growing the business. Because knowledge is the core asset of consultancies, they were among the first businesses to pay attention toand make heavy investments inthe management of knowledge. Codifying and categorizing knowledge is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and improvement. Emphasizing the wrong strategy or trying to pursue both at the same time can, as some consulting firms have found, quickly undermine a business. When the systems were misused, customers became dissatisfied. Codification allows Ernst & Young to close sales quickly, reduce costs and fees, and accelerate growth by taking on more projects. 14 A codification strategy involves turning tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge in order to facilitate flows of organizational knowledge (Schulz, Jobe, 2001). knowledge they talk with one another, of course. Benefits of Diversity Management The Competitive strategy must drive knowledge management strategy. In the codification model, managers need to develop a system that encourages people to write down what they know and to get those documents into the electronic repository. These strategies were termed codification and personalisation. Over the last five years, they have developed elaborate ways to codify, store, and reuse knowledge. Although the implications of the answers may seem obvious, it is important for managers to make the explicit connection between their companys competitive strategy and how they use knowledge to support it. A version of this article appeared in the. In the process of developing a unique growth strategy, the team tapped into a worldwide network of colleagues experience. Indeed, they can coexistbut only in corporations where business units operate like stand-alone companies. The codification of such knowledge saved the team and the client one full year of work. This paper develops four categories of knowledge management strategies used by multinational corporations (MNCs). What is striking, however, is the degree of emphasis they place on the codification strategy. When top people fail to make such a choice, both suffer. the last five years, they have developed elaborate ways to That opens up the possibility of This knowledge needs First, we propose that codifying knowledge enhances its level of exploitation, with clan control serving as a moderator. How does knowledge that resides in the company add value for customers? & Jobe, L. A. In companies where that is the case, knowledge management takes placeif at allin functional departments such as HR or IT. If a codification strategy was adopted, subunits will attempt to facilitate knowledge flows by codifying their knowledge. A possible but inferior strategy is the unfocused codification of knowledge, which increases the level of codification on all codification dimensions in each knowledge area. Yet, this is less effective than focused codification. Codification can act as an aspect of knowledge The two knowledge management strategies require different IT infrastructures as well as different levels of support. Knowledge that has not been employees) ability to perform a specific task in a specific context, then the Codification is concentrated in defining the ability to perform, task, context and the process itself. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Codification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: an empirical exploration, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(00)00043-2. And this is smoothly carried out through Models of Knowledge Management. Companies that follow a customized product approach should consider the personalization model. Virtual meeting rooms and web conferencing are online, real-time tools that have been designed to allow participants to share presentations, applications and whiteboards during meetings. Tacit knowledge can be managed in a number of different ways. It encourages consultants to share knowledge through face-to-face conversations, phone calls, e-mail, and videoconferencing. Abstract: Purpose The paper aims to examine the effect of knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization) and knowledge management approaches (social network, codification and personalization) on innovation in Jordanian consultancy firms. He knew other Ernst & but the purpose of the systems is not to provide knowledge problems they need to solve. Part of Mckinseys mission statement is: As a rm, and as individuals, we are driven to be the best, to develop unrivaled knowledge and to convey that knowledge to every client, every time., Our work is founded on a rigorous understanding of every clients institutional context, sector dynamics, and macroeconomic environment. An Enterprise Social Network is an internal, private, social networking platform used for communication and collaboration within an organization. For this reason, we invest more than $600 million of our firms resources annually in knowledge development, learning and capability building. Portals are websites that provide personalized capabilities to users through customization, building blocks, and the integration of multiple sources. She met with a The center provides the best, most customized advice and treatment to cancer patients. The firm was subsequently folded into its parent company. So, lets have a look at the The center also hires senior, nationally recognized clinicians who often bring teams of people with them. Managing Knowledge?" But it wasnt until the 1990s that chief executives started talking about knowledge management. Every employee has access to the corporate airplanes, which travel daily between HP offices. Dell does not deliver highly customized orders, and it raises its prices considerably for orders with special components. Instead, consultants scan documents to get up to speed in a particular area and to find out who has done work on a topic. information, we develop 'knowledge objects' by pulling key pieces of knowledge such as interview guides, work schedules, benchmark In some companies, the strategy centers on the computer. knowledge management projects fail to achieve their expectations and the potential problems of codification as a strategy for knowledge management. Dells competitive strategy is to assemble inexpensive PCs that are made to order and sell them directly to customers. Our results also indicate that different kinds of organizational knowledge require matching forms of codification in order to increase performance. Ernst & Young and Andersen Consulting hire undergraduates from top universities and train them to develop and implement change programs and information systems. codification explicit Fosters collaboration through knowledge platforms and a desire to share the most up-to-date information, Increases employee efficiency shorter search times and prevents duplication of effort, Prevents loss of knowledge knowledge is documented and remains accessible to the entire company, Improves decision making decisions are made based on available facts and up-to-date data, Improves policy making due to accessibility of information, subject matter experts and insights, Stimulates innovation increased efficiency leads to more room for innovation as staff have time to consider multiple solutions to problems, Better reputation consistency of advice and ability to respond consistently improves the companys reputation, Higher personal satisfaction employees are more satisfied with their jobs since availability of information leads to lower frustration. 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