They were highly suspicious of Catholics, Jews and Black people, who they believed subverted ideal, Protestant moral standards. Personally I believe his legend is based on a real person or an amalgamation of several people who ruled part of Britain (probably not all, or it's likely we would have more evidence of him) after the Roman withdrawal. The Klan had about 1,200 members in Orange County, California. It emphasized anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant and later anti-Communist positions. So, too are many of the other myths about these misunderstood knights. Thirteen captives were taken from jail and shot; a half-buried pile of 25 bodies was found in the woods. "If you're saying that people being resurrected or brought back from the dead are not in the Bible, you just haven't read the Bible. Minor infractions were . [200] Newman says Black "disliked the Catholic Church as an institution" and gave over 100 anti-Catholic speeches to KKK meetings across Alabama in his 1926 election campaign. [283], A 2016 analysis by the SPLC found that hate groups in general were on the rise in the United States. I suppose people like to have a more glorious past for their organizations, Walker says. Scholars and biographers have recently examined Hugo Black's Klan role. [179] Sociologist Rory McVeigh has explained the Klan's strategy in appealing to members of both parties: Klan leaders hope to have all major candidates competing to win the movement's endorsement. And on Friday the 13th, he had some of the Templars arrested for it. [113][114] The group was known for a short time as the "Kuklux Clan". . [164] During the 1930s, particularly after James A. Colescott of Indiana took over as imperial wizard, opposition to Communism became another primary aim of the Klan.[76]. With access to dynamite and using the skills from their jobs in mining and steel, in the late 1940s some Klan members in Birmingham used bombings to destroy houses in order to intimidate upwardly mobile Black who moved into middle-class neighborhoods. New groups of insurgents emerged in the mid-1870s, local paramilitary organizations such as the White League, Red Shirts, saber clubs, and rifle clubs, that intimidated and murdered Black political leaders. Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest was elected the first grand wizard, and claimed to be the Klan's national leader. By 1930, Klan membership in Alabama dropped to less than 6,000. [273][274][275], Duke has an account on Stormfront which he uses to post articles from his own website. Christopher N. Cocoltchos (2004). [37], Economists Fryer and Levitt argue that the rapid growth of the Klan in the 1920s was partly the result of an innovative, multi-level marketing campaign. [199] In 1926, with Klan support, Bibb Graves won the Alabama governor's office. The Klan was broken as an organization by 1872. Why is it still open? It presented itself as a fraternal, nativist and strenuously patriotic organization; and its leaders emphasized support for vigorous enforcement of Prohibition laws. Thats where the conspiracy theories come in. Masked men shot into houses and burned them, sometimes with the occupants still inside. Independent Klan groups violently opposed the civil rights movement. These marginal men had risen to the top of the hooded order because, until it became a political force, the Klan had never required strong, dedicated leadership. [172][173][174], The Alabama KKK was less chivalrous than the Dallas KKK was and whipped both white and Black women who were accused of fornication or adultery. It soon saw the original founders being removed by internal conflicts, and mocking newspapers about the affair. It suddenly started to grow after 1920 and flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, including urban areas of the Midwest and West. The Klansmen were apprehended and prosecuted in federal court. In Indiana, KKK members directed more threats and economic blacklisting primarily against fellow white Protestants for transgressions of community moral standards, such as adultery, wife-beating, gambling and heavy drinking. "[128] The KKK night riders "sometimes claimed to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers so, as they claimed, to frighten superstitious Blacks. [201] Black was elected US senator in 1926 as a Democrat. The Primary symbol used by the clan for the past century has been the Mystic Insignia of a Klansman, commonly known as the Blood Drop Cross, a white cross on a red disk with what appears to be a blood drop in the middle. Throughout its varied history, the Klan has coined many words[330][262] beginning with "Kl", including: All of the above terminology was created by William Joseph Simmons, as part of his 1915 revival of the Klan. [7] Its appeal was directed exclusively toward white Protestants; it opposed Jews, Black people, Catholics, and newly arriving Southern and Eastern European immigrants such as Italians, Russians, and Lithuanians, many of whom were Jewish or Catholic. "They targeted white Northern leaders, Southern sympathizers and politically active Blacks. Dan Jones is the author of The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of Gods Holy Warriors, available now from Viking. [214] Klan members drove up with arms in their car trunks, and attacked marchers. On the other we have frequent, endless speculation about so-called Templar treasure, rumored to be buried on Oak Island, Nova Scotia, or in some remote Scottish location. By the November presidential election, Klan intimidation led to suppression of the Republican vote and only one person voted for Ulysses S. Some far-right activists took some of the lore such as by writing "Ku Klux Klan Africa" on the ANC Cape Town offices or wearing their costumes. Its imagery was based on Dixon's romanticized concept of old England and Scotland, as portrayed in the novels and poetry of Sir Walter Scott. He couldn't keep a job and was eventually diagnosed with manic depression. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and conical hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.[67][68]. The Ku Klux Klan has utilized a variety of symbols over its history. Yet of course, as the ancients knew, there is no new thing under the sun. [152], By 1872, the federal government's evident willingness to bring its legal and coercive authority to bear had broken the Klan's back and produced a dramatic decline in violence throughout the South. Pegram, reviewing the studies, concludes, "the popular Klan of the 1920s, while diverse, was more of a civic exponent of white Protestant social values than a repressive hate group. Their crimes, wrote the king, were horrible to contemplate, terrible to hear of. His accusations were widely circulated, and his campaign to destroy the Templars rested on the relentless, repetitive dissemination of his baseless claims in every public arena he could find. [134], By 1868, two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease. This and extensive violence and fraud at the polls caused the Republicans to lose their majority in the state legislature. However, the second Klan, especially in the Southeast, was not an entirely non-violent organization. For hundreds on board, the terrifying 1629 wreck of Batavia was just the beginning. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native-born white population. Klan chapters were closely allied with Democratic police, sheriffs, and other functionaries of local government. The national headquarters made its profit through a monopoly on costume sales, while the organizers were paid through initiation fees. One of the most popular legends says the Templars became the Freemasonsa rumor that was actually started by some of the Freemasons. [163] Such moral-sounding purpose underlay its appeal as a fraternal organization, recruiting members with a promise of aid for settling into the new urban societies of rapidly growing cities such as Dallas and Detroit. There are often several theories about how they started, and a bunch of people ready to debunk those theories. The life of a medieval knight involved training from childhood with mock weapons and horses. In 1959, Roy Davis was elected to follow Edwards as national leader. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Although Johnson had been Black, most of the Dallas KKK's whipping victims were white men who were accused of offenses against their wives such as adultery, wife beating, abandoning their wives, refusing to pay child support or gambling. "[213], Activism by these independent KKK groups in Birmingham increased as a reaction to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. This added to the enmity that Southern white Democrats bore toward him. [266][267][268] In 1982, a jury awarded the five women $535,000 in a civil trial. Millions joined and at its peak in the 1920s the organization claimed numbers that amounted to 15% of the nation's eligible population. The name was probably formed by combining the Greek kyklos (, which means circle) with clan. In May 1924, when the KKK scheduled a regional meeting in the city, Notre Dame students blocked the Klansmen and stole some KKK regalia. The origins of superstitions can be hard to pin down. Please be respectful of copyright. Swedish Protestants were struggling against Irish Catholics, who had been entrenched longer, for political and ideological control of the city.[184]. They were uninterested in, or perhaps even unaware of, grass roots concerns within the movement. While Simmons relied on documents from the original Klan and memories of some surviving elders, the revived Klan was based significantly on the wildly popular film The Birth of a Nation. Membership in the Klan turned over rapidly as people found out that it was not the group which they had wanted. [151], Klan operations ended in South Carolina[136] and gradually withered away throughout the rest of the South. In 1922, two hundred Klan members set fire to saloons in Union County, Arkansas. PG-13 for intense accident and injury images. [96], In 1923, Simmons was ousted as leader of the KKK by Hiram Wesley Evans. Quite unimaginatively, Philip IV chose heresy. He also provided secret code words to the writers of the Superman radio program, resulting in episodes in which Superman took on the KKK. Sales of the costumes provided the main financing for the national organization, while initiation fees funded local and state organizers. This week saw U.S. President Donald Trump continue his Twitter accusations against so-called fake newsafter a year in which Oxford Dictionaries made post-truth the word of the year for 2016. The police chief and district attorney refused to prosecute, explicitly and publicly stating they believed that Johnson deserved this treatment. [95], The second Klan expanded with new chapters in cities in the Midwest and West, and reached both Republicans and Democrats, as well as men without a party affiliation. [243] Based in Atlanta, Edwards worked to rebuild the organization by uniting the different factions of the KKK from other parts of the United States, but the strength of the organization was short-lived and the group fractured as it competed with other klan organizations. During . [314][300][315] On 1991, Dennis Mahon, then of Oklahoma's White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, reportedly helped to organize Klan groups. 910. The goal of Prohibition in particular helped the Klan and some Republicans to make common cause in the North. Klan members were Protestants, as were most of their opponents, but the latter also included many Catholic Germans. Few freedmen took such nonsense seriously."[129]. Opposing groups worked to penetrate the Klan's secrecy. Gunfire was exchanged, and the Klan was routed at what became known as the Battle of Hayes Pond. [62] The third Klan formed in the late 20th century largely as a reaction to the growing Civil Rights Movement. [175][176], In 1920, Simmons handed the day-to-day activities of the national office over to two professional publicists, Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Young Clarke. [122] One Alabama newspaper editor declared "The League is nothing more than a nigger Ku Klux Klan."[123]. Over several years, this medieval fake news was repeated over and over again, its loudness and frequency making up for the fact that it was a lie, until in 1312 a council of the Church reached the conclusion that the Templars name had been so blackened the orders members ought to be forcibly retired. In states such as Alabama and Mississippi, Klan members forged alliances with governors' administrations. It borrowed parts of the initiation ceremony from that group, with the same purpose: "ludicrous initiations, the baffling of public curiosity, and the amusement for members were the only objects of the Klan", according to Albert Stevens in 1907. [75], The first Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, on December 24, 1865,[76] by six former officers of the Confederate army:[77] Frank McCord, Richard Reed, John Lester, John Kennedy, J. Calvin Jones, and James Crowe. By March, it had become the "British Subjects' Mutual Protection Society", which included Francis Herbert Dufty. [106] In 1999, the city council of Charleston, South Carolina, passed a resolution declaring the Klan a terrorist organization. They recruited western, Christian warriors who took an oath to live quasi-monastic lives devoted to the principles of chastity, poverty and obedience, and wore iconic uniforms of black or white robes emblazoned with a red cross. They drove successful Black farmers off their land. [245][246][247], Congress launched an investigation into the KKK in the early 1964, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas. [313], In Germany, a KKK-related group, Ritter des Feurigen Kreuzes ("Knights of the Fiery Cross"), was established in 1925 by returning naturalized German-born US citizens in Berlin who managed to gather around 300 persons of middle-class occupations such as merchants and clerks. The governor of South Carolina appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. The ethnic and religious conflicts among more recent immigrants contributed to the rise of the Klan in the city. And The Mandalorian has Moff Gideon.Star Wars has always been a franchise that rides on the strengths of . [331] The Reconstruction-era Klan used different titles; the only titles to carry over were "Wizard" for the overall leader of the Klan and "Night Hawk" for the official in charge of security. [225], The historiography of the second Klan of the 1920s has changed over time. Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in Birmingham, Alabama, began to resist social change and Black people's efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. [101], During the tenure of Bull Connor as police commissioner in Birmingham, Klan groups were closely allied with the police and operated with impunity. On that day, government agents swooped in on . Klan leaders tried to infiltrate political parties; as Cummings notes, "it was non-partisan in the sense that it pressed its nativist issues to both parties". The historian Thomas R. Pegram says that published accounts exaggerated the official viewpoint of the Klan leadership, and repeated the interpretations of hostile newspapers and the Klan's enemies. Florida Freedmen's Bureau records provided a detailed recounting of Klansmen's beatings and murders of freedmen and their white allies.[133]. How'd she do it? [84] As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder. [192], In Indiana, members were American-born, white Protestants and covered a wide range of incomes and social levels. Even so, the Pope disbanded the order since the whole heresy mess had defiled its name. But. Because of the rapid pace of population growth in industrializing cities such as Detroit and Chicago, the Klan grew rapidly in the Midwest. The Klan's leadership wanted to keep their options open and repeatedly announced that the movement was not aligned with any political party. [164], Social historian Leonard Moore titled his monograph Citizen Klansmen (1997) and contrasted the intolerant rhetoric of the group's leaders with the actions of most of the membership. It became most prominent in cities with high growth rates between 1910 and 1930, as rural Protestants flocked to jobs in Detroit and Dayton in the Midwest, and Atlanta, Dallas, Memphis, and Houston in the South. So there must have either been a conspiracy or the templars must have been evil.. The methods used to bring down the Templars were chillingly efficient and post-truthy as hell. [276][277], The modern KKK is not one organization; rather it is composed of small independent chapters across the United States. American white supremacist terrorist hate group, "KKK" and "Klansman" redirect here. It was really after that was published that you get this widespread interest in myths about the Templars, particularly when the Internet started in the '90s, says Walker. Far from trying to hide its vigilante activity, the Dallas KKK loved to publicize it. National denominational organizations never endorsed the Klan, but they rarely condemned it by name. ", "Anti-Immigrant Sentiments Fuel Ku Klux Klan Resurgence", "The Ku Klux Klan: America's Forgotten Terrorists", "KKK-supportive notes dropped in Erie County driveways", "Ku Klux Klan Affiliations Extremism in America", "A.C.L.U. The "Ku Klux Klan" name was used by numerous independent local groups opposing the civil rights movement and desegregation, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1866, Mississippi governor William L. Sharkey reported that disorder, lack of control, and lawlessness were widespread; in some states armed bands of Confederate soldiers roamed at will. The Klan representatives easily won the local election in Anaheim in April 1924. At its peak, claimed Klan membership exceeded four million and comprised 20% of the adult white male population in many broad geographic regions, and 40% in some areas. [149] A Georgia-based reporter wrote in 1870: "A true statement of the case is not that the Ku Klux are an organized band of licensed criminals, but that men who commit crimes call themselves Ku Klux". [238][239], In Alabama, some young, white, urban activists joined the KKK to fight the old guard establishment. Each comprised local chapters with little or no central direction. Monson connected the work of the corrupt race to the activities of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Armed Black people formed their own defense in Bennettsville, South Carolina, and patrolled the streets to protect their homes. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers by voice and mannerisms. 90 Minutes in Heaven. Initially these men were tasked with defending pilgrims around Christian-occupied Jerusalem, but over time they expanded their role. [302][303], In Mexico, the KKK endorsed and funded the Calles government during the 1920s Cristero War with the intention of destroying Catholicism there. But although some of the Knights Templar were arrested on Friday, October 13, 1307, that isn't . Its official rhetoric focused on the threat of the Catholic Church, using anti-Catholicism and nativism. Rival KKK factions accused each other's leaders of being FBI informants. At his 1925 trial, he was convicted of second-degree murder for his part in the rape, and subsequent death, of Madge Oberholtzer. Years ago when Henry and Catherine were King and Queen; they had among their soldiers a group of 13 knights who served them valiantly and faithfully. They had played with an engine of power and mystery, though organized on entirely innocent lines, and found themselves overcome by a belief that something must lie behind it allthat there was, after all, a serious purpose, a work for the Klan to do. Two local KKK members were convicted for his murder, including Henry Francis Hays who was sentenced to death. [203] After Stephenson's conviction, the Klan declined dramatically in Indiana. On October 13, 1307, King Philip IV of France, whom the Knights Templar had denied additional loans, had a group of knights arrested and tortured until they made false confessions of depravity. It was first used in the early 1900s, with the symbol in the center originally appearing as a red and white Ying Yang which in the subsequent years, lost the white part and was reinterpreted as a "blood drop". The first knights of the Middle Ages fought for Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, in the 700s. [147] Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan's costume to hide their identities when carrying out independent acts of violence. [The KKK] never envisioned a change of political or economic system. [76], The Second Klan saw threats from every direction. Right now, the hottest take on Friday the 13th is that it wasnt associated with bad luck until 1907, when a novel titled Friday, the Thirteenth was published. June 13 * at Vegas: 8 p . [196][197], In some states, such as Alabama and California, KKK chapters had worked for political reform. The white men worked in mining and steel industries, with access to these materials. The false connection between the Knights Templar and the Freemasons was promoted by some early masonic groups around the 18th century, and theories about the Holy Grail and the Knights Templar have been around for a long time, too. The group produced publications for national circulation from its headquarters in Atlanta: Searchlight (19191924), Imperial Night-Hawk (19231924), and The Kourier. Attempted murder charges were filed against the three KKK members, two of whomBill Church and Larry Paynewere acquitted by an all-white jury. On the next day, the Klansmen counterattacked. In order to fight battles across his large empire, Charlemagne began to use soldiers on horseback. [259][260], While the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had paid informants in the Klan, for instance in Birmingham in the early 1960s, its relations with local law enforcement agencies and the Klan were often ambiguous. Here are the stories of 12 such knights. Their opponent, the Florida Panthers, were not expected to be remotely close to the Cup Final. . [284] The ADL published a report in 2016 that concluded: "Despite a persistent ability to attract media attention, organized Ku Klux Klan groups are actually continuing a long-term trend of decline. Like many fraternal organizations, the Klan has signs that members can use to recognize one another. Like the Foresters . Originally founded to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land, the order assumed greater military duties during the 12th century. [272][271], In 1995, Don Black and Chlo Hardin, the ex-wife of the KKK grand wizard David Duke, began a small bulletin board system (BBS) called Stormfront, which has become a prominent online forum for white nationalism, Neo-Nazism, hate speech, racism, and antisemitism in the early 21st century. [132], Klansmen killed more than 150 African Americans in Jackson county, Florida, and hundreds more in other counties including Madison, Alachua, Columbia, and Hamilton. After one civic group in Indiana began to publish Klan membership lists, there was a rapid decline in the number of Klan members. Reflecting the social tensions pitting urban versus rural America, it spread to every state and was prominent in many cities. However, the Klan had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers, so it was difficult for observers to judge its membership. However there were similar groups that across the South that adopted similar goals. Shawn Lay, ed. Former Confederate brigadier general George Gordon developed the Prescript, which espoused white supremacist belief. The Ku Klux Klan Act and the Enforcement Act of 1870 were used by the federal government to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution. A variation on this symbol has the K's facing outwards instead of inwards. [248] The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan formed in 1964 after splitting from the Original Knights. Eighteenth century illustration of Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and Last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, lead to the stake to burn for heresy. John Jordan Upchurch and 13 others in Meadville, Pennsylvania, founded the Ancient Order of United Workmen in 1868 with the goal of bettering conditions for the working class. Klan members used violence to settle old personal feuds and local grudges, as they worked to restore general white dominance in the disrupted postwar society. Sir Lamiel of Cardiff, Sir Launcelot du Lake, Sir Lavaine (Book 19, Chapter 13), Sir Lionel, Sir Lovel, Sir Lucan the Butler. In 1915, the film The Birth of a Nation was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan and its endeavors. How Black Filmmakers Are Reclaiming Their History Onscreen, 2023 TIME USA, LLC. Detailed analysis from Indiana showed that the rural stereotype was false for that state: Indiana's Klansmen represented a wide cross section of society: they were not disproportionately urban or rural, nor were they significantly more or less likely than other members of society to be from the working class, middle class, or professional ranks. In his book on the number 13, author Nathaniel Lachenmeyer argues that before the 20th century, 13 had been an unlucky number, and Friday had been an unlucky day, but Friday the 13th wasnt necessarily a concept. 3) Templar discipline was harsh. Staff report (March 4, 1986). [279] In 2017, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors extremist groups, estimated that there were "at least 29 separate, rival Klan groups currently active in the United States, and they compete with one another for members, dues, news media attention and the title of being the true heir to the Ku Klux Klan". Many prominent Southern Jews identified wholly with southern culture, resulting in examples of Jewish participation in the Klan.[117]. Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. [79] The manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. The Templars were condemned en masse as having disgraced the French flag and the country. [97], Internal divisions, criminal behavior by leaders especially Stephenson's conviction for the abduction, rape, and murder of Madge Oberholtzer and external opposition brought about a collapse in the membership of both groups. In 1924, Klan members were elected to the city council in Anaheim, California. The response AKIA (A Klansman I am) completes the greeting.[329]. to surreptitiously identify themselves to another potential member. Fireflies are vanishingbut you can help protect them. [279][281][282], For some time, the Klan's numbers have been steadily dropping. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital Could this simple plan save Africa's most mysterious cat? In 1971, KKK members used bombs to destroy 10 school buses in Pontiac, Michigan. If there were ever such a thing as a post-truth era, it began precisely 710 years ago, at dawn on Friday, Oct. 13, 1307, in the kingdom of France. At an 1867 meeting in Nashville, Tennessee, Klan members gathered to try to create a hierarchical organization with local chapters eventually reporting to a national headquarters. Their cross was a religious symbol, and their ritual honored Bibles and local ministers. The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state or national officials. 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